long print(const void *buf, long count) { #if defined(__x86_64__) asm volatile ( "syscall" : : "a"(1), "D"(1), "S"(buf), "d"(count) // RDI, RSI, RDX are used in x86-64 for write args : "rcx", "r11", "memory" ); #elif defined(__aarch64__) asm ( "mov x0, #1\n" // Move the exit status into register x0 "mov x1, %0\n" // Syscall number for 'exit' is 93 in AArch64 "mov x2, %1\n" // Syscall number for 'exit' is 93 in AArch64 "mov x8, #64\n" // Syscall number for 'exit' is 93 in AArch64 "svc #0\n" // Make the syscall : // No output operands : "r" (buf), "r"(count) // Input operand: status : "x0", "x8" // Clobbered registers ); #elif defined(__mips__) asm ( "li $a0, 1\n" "move $a1, %0\n" "move $a2, %1\n" "li $v0, 4004\n" "syscall" : : "r"(buf), "r"(count) : "a0", "a1", "a2", "v0" //TODO: temp registers clobbered by syscall should probably also be listed but this fn returns right away so it should be fine? ); #endif return 0; } #define CLONE_CHILD_SETTID 0x1000000 #define CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID 0x200000 #if defined(__aarch64__) long int fork() { long int rtn; long int flags = CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID | CLONE_CHILD_SETTID; asm volatile ( // Assembly Instructions "mov x8, #220\n" // Syscall number for 'clone' is 220 in AArch64 "mov x0, %1\n" // clone flags "mov x1, #0\n" // child stack pointer "mov x2, #0\n" // parent_tidptr "mov x3, #0\n" // tls "mov x4, #0\n" // child_tidptr "svc #0\n" // Make the syscall "mov %0, x0\n" // save return value // Output operands : "=r" (rtn) // Input operand : "r" (flags) // Clobbered registers : "x0", "x1", "x2", "x3", "x4", "x8" ); return rtn; } #elif defined(__x86_64__) long int fork() { long int rtn; /* long int flags = CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID | CLONE_CHILD_SETTID; asm volatile( "movq %%rax, 56\n" // syscall number for 'clone' is 56 for x86-64 "movq %%rdi, %1\n" // clone flags "movq %%rsi, 0\n" // child stack pointer "movq %%rdx, 0\n" // parent tidptr "movq %%r10, 0\n" // child tidptr "movq %%r8, 0\n" // tls "syscall\n" // syscall "movq %0, %%rax\n" // save return value : "=r"(rtn) : "r"(flags) : "rax", "rdi", "rsi", "rdx", "r10", "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11" ); */ asm volatile( "syscall\n" // syscall "movq %0, %%rax\n" // save return value : "=r"(rtn) : "a"(57) : ); return rtn; } #endif void exit(int status) { #if defined(__x86_64__) asm volatile( "syscall" : : "a"(60), "D"(status) : ); #elif defined(__aarch64__) asm ( "mov x0, %0\n" // Move the exit status into register x0 "mov x8, #93\n" // Syscall number for 'exit' is 93 in AArch64 "svc #0\n" // Make the syscall : // No output operands : "r" ((long)status) // Input operand: status : "x0", "x8" // Clobbered registers ); #elif defined(__mips__) asm ( "move $a0, %0\n" "li $v0, 4001\n" "syscall" : : "r" (status) : "a0", "v0" ); #endif for(;;); } int main() { #if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__aarch64__) long int pid = fork(); char msg[17] = {' '}; msg[16] = '\n'; for(int i = 0; i < 16; ++i) { char nibble = (pid >> ((15 - i) * 4)) & 0xf; char c; if (nibble > 9) {c = nibble + '7';} else {c = nibble + '0';} msg[i] = c; } print(msg, 17); #else char *msg = "Hello World!\n"; print(msg, 13); #endif return 69; } void __libc_start_main() {exit(main());} void _start() { __libc_start_main(); } void __start() { _start(); } /* #if defined(__x86_64__) printf("Compiled for x86_64 architecture\n"); #elif defined(__i386__) printf("Compiled for x86 architecture\n"); #elif defined(__arm__) printf("Compiled for ARM architecture\n"); #elif defined(__aarch64__) printf("Compiled for ARM64 architecture\n"); #elif defined(__mips__) printf("Compiled for ARM architecture\n"); #else printf("Unknown architecture\n"); #endif */